Precious Stones
of Sacred Scripture
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Priests of the Old Covenant wore a particularly spectacular
garment, one festooned with embroidery and precious jewels. Exodus
28:15-21 describes it:
And thou shalt
make the rational of judgment with embroidered work of divers colours,
according to the workmanship of the ephod, of gold, violet, and purple,
and scarlet twice dyed, and fine twisted linen. It shall be four square
and doubled: it shall be the measure of a span both in length and in
breadth. And thou shalt set in it four rows of stones. In the first row
shall be a sardius stone, and a topaz, and an emerald: In the second a
carbuncle, a sapphire, and a jasper: In the third a ligurius, an agate,
and an amethyst: In the fourth a chrysolite, an onyx, and a beryl. They
shall be set in gold by their rows. And they shall have the names of
the children of Israel: with twelve names shall they be engraved, each
stone with the name of one according to the twelve tribes.
The Jewish
Encyclopedia describes it further:
The vestments of
the high priest were interpreted in three ways. The explanation of
Philo is as follows ("Vita Mosis," iii. 209): His upper garment was the
symbol of the ether, while the blossoms represented the earth, the
pomegranates typified running water, and the bells denoted the music of
the water. The ephod corresponded to heaven, and the stones on both
shoulders to the two hemispheres, one above and the other below the
earth. The six names on each of the stones were the six signs of the
zodiac, which were denoted also by the twelve names on the breastplate.
The miter was the sign of the crown which exalted the high priest above
all earthly kings.
Josephus' explanation is this ("Ant." iii. 7, § 7): The coat was the
symbol of the earth, the upper garment emblemized heaven, while the
bells and pomegranates represented thunder and lightning. The ephod
typified the four elements, and the interwoven gold denoted the glory
of God. The breastplate was in the center of the ephod, as the earth
formed the center of the universe; the girdle symbolized the ocean, the
stones on the shoulders the sun and moon, and the jewels in the
breastplate the twelve signs of the zodiac, while the miter was a token
of heaven.
St. Thomas
Aquinas, in his Summa Theologica, also explores the symbolic
meanings of the stones chosen to adorn the priests:
According to
some, the literal reason for these vestments was that they denoted the
disposition of the terrestrial globe; as though the high-priest
confessed himself to be the minister of the Creator of the world,
wherefore it is written (Wis. 18:24): "In the robe" of Aaron "was the
whole world" described. For the linen breeches signified the earth out
of which the flax grows. The surrounding belt signified the ocean which
surrounds the earth. The violet tunic denoted the air by its color: its
little bells betoken the thunder; the pomegranates, the lightning. The
ephod, by its many colors, signified the starry heaven; the two onyx
stones denoted the two hemispheres, or the sun and moon. The twelve
precious stones on the breast are the twelve signs of the zodiac: and
they are said to have been placed on the rational because in heaven,
are the types [rationes] of earthly things, according to Job 38:33:
"Dost thou know the order of heaven, and canst thou set down the reason
[rationem] thereof on the earth?" The turban or tiara signified the
empyrean: the golden plate was a token of God, the governor of the
universe.
In St. John the
Divine's vision of the Heavenly Jerusalem,
the City stood on a foundation of twelve stones, each correlating with
one
of the stones of the breast plate. The stones, though, are in a
different order -- with the last stone of the breastplate (the stone
associated with the tribe of Benjamin) listed first.
Apocalypse 21:19-21
And the
foundations of the wall of the city were adorned with all manner of
precious stones. The first foundation was jasper: the second, sapphire:
the third; a chalcedony: the fourth, an emerald: The fifth, sardonyx:
the sixth, sardius: the seventh, chrysolite: the eighth, beryl: the
ninth, a topaz: the tenth, a chrysoprasus: the eleventh, a jacinth: the
twelfth, an amethyst. And the twelve gates are twelve pearls, one to
each: and every several gate was of one several pearl. And the street
of the city was pure gold, as it were, transparent glass.
The true
identity and symbolism of these stones is a fascinating matter. Sadly,
it's one in much dispute due to the ancients' not having precise names
for the various rocks and minerals. Below is a table which indicates
the names of the stones as given in different texts, and "best guesses"
as to their modern identities according to the Catholic and Jewish
Encyclopediae.
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Key:
BP: Breast Plate
FS: Foundation Stone
DR: Douay-Rheims
KJV: King James Version
NIV: New International Version
NASB: New American Standard Bible
CE: Catholic Encyclopedia, 1905-1917
JE: Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901-1906
BP
|
FS
|
Hebrew acc. to
CE (and JE)
|
Septuagint
|
Josephus
|
Vulgate
|
DR
|
KJV
|
NIV
|
NASB
|
CE
|
JE
|
1 |
6 |
Arm |
Sardion |
Sardonyx |
Sardius |
Sardius |
Sardius |
Ruby |
Ruby |
Red Carnelian, a species of Chalcedony |
Sard or Blood red Jasper |
2 |
9 |
Ghtrh
(JE: Ptdh) |
Topazion |
Topaz |
Topazius |
Topaz |
Topaz |
Topaz |
Topaz |
Chrysolite |
Chrysolite or Topaz |
3 |
4 |
Brqm (JE: Yhlm) |
Smaragdos |
Smaragdos |
Smaragdus |
Emerald |
Carbuncle |
Beryl |
Emerald |
Emerald |
Rock Crystal |
4 |
3 |
Gphr
(JE: Nfk) |
Anthrax |
Anthrax |
Carbunculus |
Chalcedony |
Emerald |
Turqoise |
Turquoise |
Oriental Ruby |
Garnet or Emerald |
5 |
2 |
Mghry |
Sappheiron |
Sappheiros |
Sapphirus |
Sapphire |
Sapphire |
Sapphire |
Sapphire |
Lapis lazuli or Sapphire |
Lapis lazuli or Sapphire |
6 |
8 |
Yhlm
(JE: Yshphh) |
Onychion |
Beryllos |
Beryllus |
Beryl |
Diamond |
Emerald |
Diamond |
Beryl, Emerald, or Aquamarine |
Opaque stone of green color |
7 |
11 |
lshm |
Ligurion |
Liguros |
Ligurius |
Jacinth/ Ligurius |
Ligure |
Jacinth |
Jacinth |
Crimson, red, or orange zircon |
Amber or Jacinth |
8 |
10 |
Shbw |
Achates |
Achates |
Achates |
Agate/ Chrysoprasus |
Agate |
Agate |
Agate |
Agate |
Agate |
9 |
12 |
Ahlmh |
Amethystos |
Amethystos |
Amethystus |
Amethyst |
Amethyst |
Amethyst |
Amethyst |
Amethyst |
Amethyst |
10 |
7 |
Trshysh |
Chrysolithos |
Chrysolithos |
Chrysolithus |
Chrysolite |
Beryl |
Chrysolite |
Beryl |
Topaz |
Beryl |
11 |
5 |
Shhm |
Beryllion |
Onyx |
Onychinus |
Onyx/Sardonyx |
Onyx |
Onyx |
Onyx |
Onyx, quartz |
Malachite |
12 |
1 |
Yshphh |
Iaspis |
Iaepis |
Iaspis |
Jasper |
Jasper |
Jasper |
Jasper |
Jasper |
Ring-stone |
Each of the breastplate stones had a name of one of the 12
Tribes of Israel engraved on it, and each, as the writings of St.
Thomas Aquinas indicate, is associated with one of the Signs of the Zodiac. Though I've seen endless
variations as to which Zodiac sign goes with what Tribe, I list those
mentioned in Bullinger's "The Witness of the Stars" (1893).
At any rate, in the days of the early Church, Andreas of Cappadocia
Caesarea (A.D. 431-506) associated each of foundation stones with one
of the Apostles, including Paul, but omitting James the Greater, and,
naturally, replacing the original Judas with Matthias. I don't vouch
for the quality of the information in this last column as I've been
unable to find his writings for myself, but include what I've found in
various internet sources. (Note that sometimes the Tribe of Joseph is
not counted, and the Tribe of Levi is often not counted as a separate
Tribe. Instead, the Tribes headed by Joseph's sons, Mannaseh and
Ephraim, are counted). |
Key:
After Tribes' names:
(R) born of Rachel
(L) born of Lia (Leah)
(B) born of Bala (Bilhah), Rachel's handmaid
(Z) born of Zelpha (Zilpah), Lia's handmaid
BP
|
FS
|
Vulgate
|
Douay-Rheims
|
CE
|
Tribe
|
Tribal Symbol
(Zodiac Sign)
|
Apostle
|
1 |
6 |
Sardius |
Sardius |
Carnelian, a species of Chalcedony |
Ruben (Reuben) (L) |
Mandrake (Aquarius) |
Philip |
2 |
9 |
Topazius |
Topaz |
Chrysolite |
Simeon (L) |
City of Schechem (Pisces) |
Matthew |
3 |
4 |
Smaragdus |
Emerald |
Emerald |
Levi (L) |
Urim and Thummim (Libra) |
John |
4 |
3 |
Carbunculus |
Chalcedony |
Oriental Ruby |
Juda (Judah) (L) |
Lion (Leo) |
Andrew |
5 |
2 |
Sapphirus |
Sapphire |
Lapis lazuli or Sapphire |
Zabulon (L) |
Ship (Virgo) |
Paul |
6 |
8 |
Beryllus |
Beryl |
Beryl, Emerald, or Aquamarine |
Issachar (L) |
Sun and moon (Cancer) |
Thomas |
7 |
11 |
Ligurius |
Jacinth/Ligurius |
Crimson, red, or orange zircon |
Dan (B) |
Eagle or serpent (Scorpio) |
Simon |
8 |
10 |
Achates |
Agate/Chrysoprasus |
Agate |
Gad (Z) |
Camp (Aries) |
Jude |
9 |
12 |
Amethystus |
Amethyst |
Amethyst |
Aser (Asher) (Z) |
Female figure and olive-tree (Sagittarius) |
Matthias |
10 |
7 |
Chrysolithus |
Chrysolite |
Topaz |
Nephtali (Napthali) (B) |
Deer, stag (Capricornus) |
Bartholomew |
11 |
5 |
Onychinus |
Sardonyx |
Onyx, quartz |
Joseph (R) (Menasseh and Ephraim)
NT: Joseph and Menasseh; Dan omitted
Note: Manasses (Menasseh) and Ephraim were Joseph's sons |
Joseph: Egypt; sheaf of wheat
Ephraim: Ox (Taurus)
Menasseh: Unicorn; arrows and olive branch (Taurus) |
James the Less |
12 |
1 |
Iaspis |
Jasper |
Jasper |
Benjamin (R) |
Wolf (Gemini) |
Peter |
For a very interesting and beautiful passage on the meanings of
gemstones -- one which clearly shows the confusion of the matter -- see this excerpt
from J.K. Huysman's novel, "The Cathedral."
See also St. Ephraem's "The Pearl:
Seven Hymns
on the Faith."
And for a
literally encyclopedic and medieval view of such things, visit this
site's Catholic
Library to find St. Albertus Magnus's "Book of Minerals" and the
first volume of St. Hildegard of Bingen's Selected Writings.
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